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Atari's programmable console arrived with nine cartridges and an unusual, demanding design. Sales stayed slow for two years, then a licensed arcade hit turned it into the dominant machine of its era.
This console taught the industry what a platform is. Its value lay in an accumulating library rather than in the hardware, which meant the important business questions became who may publish, on what terms, and how quality is judged. Every console maker since has answered those questions deliberately, because Atari answered them by accident.
The Commodore Amiga and Atari ST both reached buyers in 1985 with 16-bit processors, dedicated graphics and sound hardware and windowed operating systems, and they became Europe's leading game machines for the rest of the decade.
These machines put capabilities previously found in expensive workstations into ordinary homes: sampled audio, animation, video overlay and multitasking. For games they raised expectations of what a computer should look and sound like, and they trained a European generation of programmers, artists and musicians.